Dysbiosis as a cause of histamine intolerance

Histamine intolerance is often considered a symptom of another "disease," which is why it is all the more important to find the root cause and tackle it. The gut is considered one of the most common causes of a histamine degradation disorder in the body, as this is where the histamine-degrading enzyme DAO is produced.

The function of DAO can be diminished by various factors, such as dysbiosis, which is an imbalance of gut bacteria. Learn more now about the causes of dysbiosis and the potential secondary diseases that can arise from it:

The Small Intestine

After the second phase of digestion in the stomach, our food first reaches the small intestine. There, digestive enzymes and the intestinal lining ensure nutrient absorption over several hours. During this process, approximately 80% of the liquid is extracted from the chyme. From there, the food is transported further via rhythmic movements of the intestinal villi and the intestinal wall.

Another important function of the small intestine is hormone production. This includes, for example, serotonin, a neurotransmitter responsible for the motility and function of the intestinal muscles. Furthermore, defense reactions against viruses, bacteria, and other harmful substances take place in the small intestine, which is carried out by the gut-associated lymphoid tissue.

The Large Intestine

The main task of the large intestine is to further thicken the chyme pre-digested by the small intestine (hence the name) and extract the remaining 20% of water. The gut flora in the large intestine also has the task of strengthening the immune system, warding off pathogens, and stimulating digestion.

Symbiosis

The gut is a frequently underestimated organ because it is not only responsible for digestion but also significantly regulates our health. One of the most important functions of the gut is immune defense. Approximately 80-90% of the immune system is formed in the gut. This is managed, among other things, by about 100 trillion gut bacteria (according to the latest discoveries) that together form the gut flora. A healthy gut consists of approximately 85% health-promoting bacteria and approximately 15% pathogenic (disease-promoting) bacteria. Under these conditions, the gut bacteria exist in a state of symbiosis.

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Dysbiosis

However, if dysbiosis (an imbalance of the gut flora) occurs in the gut and disease-promoting bacteria become too prevalent, this can lead to a multitude of illnesses and symptoms, such as:

• chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g., Crohn's disease)
• Leaky Gut Syndrome (permeability of the intestinal mucosa)
• Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• Celiac disease
• Carbohydrate malabsorptions (fructose, lactose, sorbitol)
• Histamine intolerance
• Dysbiosis of the vaginal flora → bladder infection/kidney infection
• Allergies
• Vitamin deficiencies
• Weakening of the immune system
• other diseases with sometimes chronic courses (asthma, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2)

Possible causes of dysbiosis

The causes of dysbiosis can be of various origins and can also occur in combination:

• frequent use of antibiotics
• stress
• unhealthy diet
• other medications (e.g., painkillers)
• environmental toxins (e.g., air pollution)
• physical inactivity

Dysbiosis and Histamine Intolerance

Dysbiosis of the gut flora can lead to an increased release of histamine. Pathogenic gut bacterial strains in particular release large amounts of histamine. This dysbiosis is often accompanied by inflammatory processes in the gut and throughout the entire body, which further stimulates histamine release via mast cells.

In addition, the enzyme activity of the histamine-degrading enzyme diamine oxidase (DAO) can be further reduced or even inhibited by dysbiosis of the gut flora. In summary, the gut flora has an enormous influence on the histamine content in the body by influencing the release and degradation of histamine.

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Sources

• Springer
• Thieme